1 00:00:11,810 --> 00:00:08,839 thank you when I was asked to do this 2 00:00:15,289 --> 00:00:11,820 talk I really didn't have much idea of 3 00:00:18,170 --> 00:00:15,299 how it would fit or who would be 4 00:00:22,189 --> 00:00:18,180 listening and so forth and I'm happy to 5 00:00:26,240 --> 00:00:22,199 say quite by accident that what I plan 6 00:00:29,179 --> 00:00:26,250 to say fits albeit and sometimes curious 7 00:00:32,540 --> 00:00:29,189 ways with the talks that have preceded 8 00:00:36,290 --> 00:00:32,550 it let me just highlight a couple of 9 00:00:39,290 --> 00:00:36,300 those things very quickly one Eric 10 00:00:42,619 --> 00:00:39,300 Davis's comment about how when you do 11 00:00:47,119 --> 00:00:42,629 advanced propulsion that's beyond the 12 00:00:49,459 --> 00:00:47,129 box or beyond what my colleagues in the 13 00:00:52,790 --> 00:00:49,469 physics department at CSU Fullerton 14 00:00:55,990 --> 00:00:52,800 would think of as normal everyday type 15 00:00:58,220 --> 00:00:56,000 physics you do it very very 16 00:01:02,869 --> 00:00:58,230 conservatively and discreetly and in 17 00:01:04,609 --> 00:01:02,879 small steps the other thing that I would 18 00:01:07,130 --> 00:01:04,619 like to call attention to is that when 19 00:01:09,230 --> 00:01:07,140 you do this sort of thing as York Dobyns 20 00:01:11,929 --> 00:01:09,240 has pointed out you want to be sure that 21 00:01:13,940 --> 00:01:11,939 you're doing real physics because it's 22 00:01:16,609 --> 00:01:13,950 easy to delude yourself into thinking 23 00:01:19,789 --> 00:01:16,619 that something might be serious physics 24 00:01:25,940 --> 00:01:19,799 and it turns out that it's not so my 25 00:01:28,660 --> 00:01:25,950 talk I suspect the headline title from 26 00:01:32,179 --> 00:01:28,670 Stephen Hawking's recent thing on TV 27 00:01:33,969 --> 00:01:32,189 reaching out to the stars because that's 28 00:01:39,830 --> 00:01:33,979 primarily what I want to talk about 29 00:01:42,770 --> 00:01:39,840 today or if for the past 15 years really 30 00:01:44,660 --> 00:01:42,780 I've been doing the small steps trying 31 00:01:48,830 --> 00:01:44,670 to keep it on it's physics and all of 32 00:01:50,569 --> 00:01:48,840 that but in the early days when I was 33 00:01:53,359 --> 00:01:50,579 figuring out what I thought might be 34 00:01:56,060 --> 00:01:53,369 going on it was clear to me that there 35 00:01:58,160 --> 00:01:56,070 was more to it than simply small scale 36 00:02:01,570 --> 00:01:58,170 thrusters that vibrate and do weird 37 00:02:04,060 --> 00:02:01,580 things and stuff like that about 38 00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:04,070 I was invited to give it well I was 39 00:02:09,580 --> 00:02:06,370 invited to John Kramer 75th birthday 40 00:02:11,950 --> 00:02:09,590 symposium and when I told John that I'd 41 00:02:14,260 --> 00:02:11,960 come he suggested that I should give a 42 00:02:16,800 --> 00:02:14,270 talk and I availed myself of the 43 00:02:19,300 --> 00:02:16,810 opportunity to start talking about what 44 00:02:21,850 --> 00:02:19,310 I'm going to spend part of my time on 45 00:02:24,010 --> 00:02:21,860 today than experimental stuff but there 46 00:02:26,410 --> 00:02:24,020 is some experimental stuff that is say 47 00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:26,420 reality doesn't pinch on some of this a 48 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:33,610 bit okay serious advanced professional 49 00:02:39,220 --> 00:02:37,010 in the modern world really starts with 50 00:02:41,860 --> 00:02:39,230 this guy here it's a picture of Kip 51 00:02:43,840 --> 00:02:41,870 Thorne Caltech Fineman professor of 52 00:02:48,100 --> 00:02:43,850 theoretical physics at Caltech for many 53 00:02:51,090 --> 00:02:48,110 years now recently retired this is from 54 00:02:54,550 --> 00:02:51,100 the time at which he did his 55 00:02:56,350 --> 00:02:54,560 epoch-making papers on wormholes which 56 00:03:00,460 --> 00:02:56,360 you've heard discussed earlier today 57 00:03:02,590 --> 00:03:00,470 that is so around 1987 or 88 58 00:03:04,330 --> 00:03:02,600 I'm not going to revisit the story of 59 00:03:07,120 --> 00:03:04,340 how he came to do that because of his 60 00:03:11,199 --> 00:03:07,130 buddy Carl Sagan I am going to show you 61 00:03:13,300 --> 00:03:11,209 the abstract of his paper okay he tried 62 00:03:16,540 --> 00:03:13,310 to present this as a pedagogical tool 63 00:03:19,030 --> 00:03:16,550 for teaching general relativity of 64 00:03:20,710 --> 00:03:19,040 course nobody knew nobody figured that 65 00:03:24,220 --> 00:03:20,720 that what he was what he was really up 66 00:03:27,220 --> 00:03:24,230 to debated in an appendix to his paper 67 00:03:30,070 --> 00:03:27,230 is this and this is the reason why Eric 68 00:03:33,190 --> 00:03:30,080 earlier this morning and others have 69 00:03:36,520 --> 00:03:33,200 commented that you need other levy otic 70 00:03:39,750 --> 00:03:36,530 amounts of negative west mass material 71 00:03:44,380 --> 00:03:39,760 in order to do anything like so-called 72 00:03:47,500 --> 00:03:44,390 al-kabir what drives or traversable 73 00:03:50,080 --> 00:03:47,510 wormholes indeed that is what you need 74 00:03:53,590 --> 00:03:50,090 in order to produce what is what they 75 00:03:55,420 --> 00:03:53,600 call an absurdly benign wormhole it 76 00:03:58,600 --> 00:03:55,430 turns out that you can use smaller 77 00:04:02,380 --> 00:03:58,610 amounts than a Jupiter mass of negative 78 00:04:04,750 --> 00:04:02,390 West mass matter to produce a one hell 79 00:04:07,180 --> 00:04:04,760 throat but if it's less than the Jupiter 80 00:04:09,039 --> 00:04:07,190 mass for most interesting configurations 81 00:04:09,640 --> 00:04:09,049 they're going to get throat flowing 82 00:04:12,940 --> 00:04:09,650 that's 83 00:04:15,520 --> 00:04:12,950 up everything for miles around okay so 84 00:04:19,390 --> 00:04:15,530 it really is on the order of a 85 00:04:22,810 --> 00:04:19,400 jupiter-mass of- rest mass manner in say 86 00:04:25,210 --> 00:04:22,820 sphere on the order of say 40 meters in 87 00:04:27,249 --> 00:04:25,220 diameter with a ray of thickness on the 88 00:04:29,740 --> 00:04:27,259 order of maybe a meter or so plus or 89 00:04:31,659 --> 00:04:29,750 minus event know what and if you do the 90 00:04:34,120 --> 00:04:31,669 calculation you find out that turns out 91 00:04:37,029 --> 00:04:34,130 to be much much much higher than nuclear 92 00:04:39,730 --> 00:04:37,039 densities of that sort of stuff I'm 93 00:04:42,310 --> 00:04:39,740 going to show you the obligatory 94 00:04:44,260 --> 00:04:42,320 pictures that have been produced for 95 00:04:46,270 --> 00:04:44,270 this this is the wormhole that Eric 96 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:46,280 showed you a different version of this 97 00:04:51,460 --> 00:04:48,410 actually to my knowledge first appeared 98 00:04:54,610 --> 00:04:51,470 in Morris in Mizner Thorne and wheelers 99 00:04:58,240 --> 00:04:54,620 book on gravitation back in 1973 100 00:05:00,670 --> 00:04:58,250 published in 73 by Freeman and it was 101 00:05:03,189 --> 00:05:00,680 primarily that the instigation of mr. 102 00:05:05,020 --> 00:05:03,199 and Thorne's doctoral dissertation 103 00:05:08,640 --> 00:05:05,030 supervisor John Wheeler that it was 104 00:05:11,589 --> 00:05:08,650 included this is the world bowl a 105 00:05:15,600 --> 00:05:11,599 hyperspace embedding diagram that you've 106 00:05:19,810 --> 00:05:15,610 seen this is a recent rendition of a 107 00:05:23,110 --> 00:05:19,820 warp drive ship that's shown up on the 108 00:05:27,129 --> 00:05:23,120 web and so on this is for one of Stephen 109 00:05:30,969 --> 00:05:27,139 Hawking's illustrated books a spaceship 110 00:05:33,430 --> 00:05:30,979 in the act of producing negative rest 111 00:05:35,680 --> 00:05:33,440 mass matter and the ring and inducing in 112 00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:35,690 a warm oil throat through which it is 113 00:05:43,360 --> 00:05:40,010 about to proceed this is from nineteen 114 00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:43,370 no not 19 2002 Scientific American 115 00:05:49,060 --> 00:05:46,010 summer issue I think one of those it's 116 00:05:51,700 --> 00:05:49,070 it's what is referred to in the trade 117 00:05:56,230 --> 00:05:51,710 now as a Stargate but it is is really 118 00:06:00,100 --> 00:05:56,240 short throat wormhole ok spiracle in 119 00:06:02,409 --> 00:06:00,110 this case one of the people who I have a 120 00:06:04,270 --> 00:06:02,419 virtual group of folks who look over my 121 00:06:07,270 --> 00:06:04,280 shoulder or throw rocks from time to 122 00:06:09,510 --> 00:06:07,280 time and stuff like that and remember 123 00:06:11,460 --> 00:06:09,520 well dreamy if you were looking 124 00:06:13,020 --> 00:06:11,470 carefully enteric slides you would have 125 00:06:15,390 --> 00:06:13,030 found that he was one of the authors in 126 00:06:18,270 --> 00:06:15,400 one of the articles and book that they 127 00:06:20,850 --> 00:06:18,280 edited okay men go put this together for 128 00:06:23,309 --> 00:06:20,860 me about a month ago or so when I made 129 00:06:26,779 --> 00:06:23,319 some comment about infringing copyrights 130 00:06:29,670 --> 00:06:26,789 and that I was worried about that okay 131 00:06:33,749 --> 00:06:29,680 in order to get the right perspective on 132 00:06:35,850 --> 00:06:33,759 this and it's always no actually the 133 00:06:38,159 --> 00:06:35,860 real reason for this is this is the best 134 00:06:42,740 --> 00:06:38,169 Calvin and Hobbes cartoon I've ever seen 135 00:07:14,450 --> 00:06:42,750 it's posted in my laboratory okay 136 00:07:23,780 --> 00:07:18,680 okay now with that as preparation you 137 00:07:27,800 --> 00:07:23,790 need to be shorting serious skepticism 138 00:07:29,120 --> 00:07:27,810 is required in this business okay okay 139 00:07:31,820 --> 00:07:29,130 what does it take to do this so 140 00:07:33,950 --> 00:07:31,830 jupiter-mass of- rest mass matter okay 141 00:07:35,240 --> 00:07:33,960 that's really basically what you've got 142 00:07:37,160 --> 00:07:35,250 to do and what i want to talk about 143 00:07:38,600 --> 00:07:37,170 today i'll tell you a little bit about 144 00:07:40,280 --> 00:07:38,610 the experimental work that I've been 145 00:07:43,910 --> 00:07:40,290 doing later on but what I want to talk 146 00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:43,920 about today is this because what often 147 00:07:50,060 --> 00:07:46,740 passes for conversation about this this 148 00:07:52,580 --> 00:07:50,070 is a point which I think is important 149 00:07:55,190 --> 00:07:52,590 and just to remind you how much a 150 00:07:59,260 --> 00:07:55,200 jupiter-mass of matter is it's 2 times 151 00:08:01,640 --> 00:07:59,270 10 to the 27th kilograms of stuff that's 152 00:08:04,040 --> 00:08:01,650 600 times the mass of the earth or 153 00:08:07,130 --> 00:08:04,050 something it's a very large amount of 154 00:08:10,490 --> 00:08:07,140 mass okay is there any chance that this 155 00:08:13,520 --> 00:08:10,500 can be done and especially using only 156 00:08:17,390 --> 00:08:13,530 low and by low I mean the best we can 157 00:08:20,480 --> 00:08:17,400 possibly produce they are all low energy 158 00:08:22,370 --> 00:08:20,490 electromagnetic fields because in this 159 00:08:23,620 --> 00:08:22,380 business electromagnetic fields are 160 00:08:26,480 --> 00:08:23,630 pretty much what you're limited to 161 00:08:31,220 --> 00:08:26,490 steams the other option and steam power 162 00:08:34,550 --> 00:08:31,230 isn't obviously yeah okay where do you 163 00:08:37,370 --> 00:08:34,560 get a Jupiter mass of exotic matter okay 164 00:08:40,070 --> 00:08:37,380 remember this has to be rest mass matter 165 00:08:40,880 --> 00:08:40,080 stuff that you can stop in laboratory 166 00:08:42,830 --> 00:08:40,890 okay 167 00:08:44,600 --> 00:08:42,840 not stuff that's zipping along at the 168 00:08:46,400 --> 00:08:44,610 speed of light I suppose you could 169 00:08:48,770 --> 00:08:46,410 contain it in something or something 170 00:08:51,710 --> 00:08:48,780 like that but rest mass matter is the 171 00:08:55,370 --> 00:08:51,720 stuff that Morrison thorne we're talking 172 00:08:58,280 --> 00:08:55,380 about the usual story and when you see 173 00:09:00,500 --> 00:08:58,290 stuff on this topic on TV what people 174 00:09:03,910 --> 00:09:00,510 usually talk about is by amplifying 175 00:09:06,860 --> 00:09:03,920 Planck scale wormholes presumably 176 00:09:10,010 --> 00:09:06,870 quantum gravity which doesn't exist yet 177 00:09:12,620 --> 00:09:10,020 the theory doesn't exist yet nonetheless 178 00:09:14,750 --> 00:09:12,630 suggests that space-time form at the 179 00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:14,760 Planck scale occurs and that there are 180 00:09:19,079 --> 00:09:16,530 wormholes flitting into and out of 181 00:09:21,299 --> 00:09:19,089 existence at that scale and so forth 182 00:09:23,819 --> 00:09:21,309 and the idea here and this was by the 183 00:09:26,220 --> 00:09:23,829 way proposed by Thoren himself in his 184 00:09:29,220 --> 00:09:26,230 early papers on this is that somehow you 185 00:09:31,230 --> 00:09:29,230 get really super small quantum tweezers 186 00:09:32,970 --> 00:09:31,240 and grab one of these Planck scale 187 00:09:35,549 --> 00:09:32,980 wormholes and then you stretch it out 188 00:09:39,569 --> 00:09:35,559 and amplify it whatever that means 189 00:09:43,710 --> 00:09:39,579 of to macroscopic dimensions oops wrong 190 00:09:46,170 --> 00:09:43,720 way okay here we go next one another 191 00:09:48,329 --> 00:09:46,180 suggestions have been made is that there 192 00:09:51,869 --> 00:09:48,339 may be naturally-occurring exotic matter 193 00:09:53,639 --> 00:09:51,879 cosmic strings remnants from the initial 194 00:09:55,739 --> 00:09:53,649 creation of the universe and stuff like 195 00:09:57,689 --> 00:09:55,749 that and then if you motor around in 196 00:10:01,439 --> 00:09:57,699 deep space and identify some of this 197 00:10:03,210 --> 00:10:01,449 stuff and put it your tractor beam on it 198 00:10:07,199 --> 00:10:03,220 and drive it around and so on you might 199 00:10:09,809 --> 00:10:07,209 be able to do that okay by figuring out 200 00:10:12,150 --> 00:10:09,819 how to transform normal matter into 201 00:10:17,129 --> 00:10:12,160 exotic matter this may sound to you like 202 00:10:19,280 --> 00:10:17,139 the least likely that and I must admit I 203 00:10:22,920 --> 00:10:19,290 didn't think it was very likely either 204 00:10:25,079 --> 00:10:22,930 but I should point out as Peter Maloney 205 00:10:27,809 --> 00:10:25,089 pointed out to me many years ago and a 206 00:10:30,600 --> 00:10:27,819 delightful conversation about all of 207 00:10:33,269 --> 00:10:30,610 this stuff he said you realize of course 208 00:10:36,480 --> 00:10:33,279 that in quantum electrodynamics the bare 209 00:10:40,110 --> 00:10:36,490 masses of elementary particles are 210 00:10:42,569 --> 00:10:40,120 negative and an infinite they have to be 211 00:10:44,790 --> 00:10:42,579 because the renormalization program in 212 00:10:47,809 --> 00:10:44,800 effect adds positive infinite energy 213 00:10:57,689 --> 00:10:47,819 that trusses it down to a finite value 214 00:11:01,049 --> 00:10:57,699 okay that's this okay question is how do 215 00:11:04,139 --> 00:11:01,059 you undress elementary particles and in 216 00:11:05,790 --> 00:11:04,149 the standard view of the standard model 217 00:11:08,129 --> 00:11:05,800 of quantum mechanics the answer to that 218 00:11:11,939 --> 00:11:08,139 is you don't okay because the 219 00:11:14,059 --> 00:11:11,949 fluctuation process that produces the 220 00:11:17,189 --> 00:11:14,069 cloud of virtual photons and electrons 221 00:11:18,860 --> 00:11:17,199 Ron pairs is not something that you can 222 00:11:23,610 --> 00:11:18,870 manipulate using low-energy 223 00:11:25,460 --> 00:11:23,620 electromagnetic fields okay the question 224 00:11:27,140 --> 00:11:25,470 then arises in the reason 225 00:11:29,660 --> 00:11:27,150 why Melanie and I were talking about 226 00:11:31,970 --> 00:11:29,670 this many years ago was because I was 227 00:11:34,910 --> 00:11:31,980 interested in the Thai at the time in 228 00:11:36,230 --> 00:11:34,920 the question of how do gravity and 229 00:11:39,290 --> 00:11:36,240 inertia and all of this stuff 230 00:11:41,870 --> 00:11:39,300 interrelate and what do elementary 231 00:11:43,760 --> 00:11:41,880 particles look like it was obvious I 232 00:11:45,650 --> 00:11:43,770 wasn't going to invent quantum gravity 233 00:11:48,650 --> 00:11:45,660 there are a lot smarter people than me 234 00:11:52,460 --> 00:11:48,660 who've spent lifetimes trying to do that 235 00:11:55,760 --> 00:11:52,470 and having not succeeded so I went 236 00:11:58,430 --> 00:11:55,770 looking at general relativistic semi 237 00:12:01,070 --> 00:11:58,440 classical and classical models of the 238 00:12:02,930 --> 00:12:01,080 electron elementary particles and it 239 00:12:05,720 --> 00:12:02,940 turns out there's this cottage industry 240 00:12:08,120 --> 00:12:05,730 in this there are a bunch of people out 241 00:12:10,910 --> 00:12:08,130 there who at least used to sit around 242 00:12:13,340 --> 00:12:10,920 working out various models for 243 00:12:15,140 --> 00:12:13,350 elementary particles there are some 244 00:12:16,670 --> 00:12:15,150 requirements that you're going to want 245 00:12:19,670 --> 00:12:16,680 if you're interested in gravity and 246 00:12:22,310 --> 00:12:19,680 inertia it should include gravity is 247 00:12:24,620 --> 00:12:22,320 gratifi gravity modification is 248 00:12:28,100 --> 00:12:24,630 something that will likely be involved 249 00:12:30,770 --> 00:12:28,110 okay and it should be exact so that 250 00:12:32,810 --> 00:12:30,780 approximations don't cloud any issues in 251 00:12:34,610 --> 00:12:32,820 other words you want to theory that 252 00:12:36,470 --> 00:12:34,620 people aren't going to look at saying oh 253 00:12:38,900 --> 00:12:36,480 that's just an approximation that's all 254 00:12:44,450 --> 00:12:38,910 just a lot of nonsense if you can get it 255 00:12:45,620 --> 00:12:44,460 okay the people there suddenly off on 256 00:12:48,560 --> 00:12:45,630 the track that I'm going to tell you 257 00:12:51,290 --> 00:12:48,570 about briefly now was published around 258 00:12:53,720 --> 00:12:51,300 1990 in the New York Academy of Sciences 259 00:12:56,450 --> 00:12:53,730 it was a review article by a by ashtekar 260 00:12:59,090 --> 00:12:56,460 on his work on what he called new 261 00:13:02,210 --> 00:12:59,100 hamiltonian variables for general 262 00:13:04,430 --> 00:13:02,220 relativity his attempt at a quantum 263 00:13:07,820 --> 00:13:04,440 theory of gravity which at the time 264 00:13:10,250 --> 00:13:07,830 around 1990 was very fashionable I was 265 00:13:12,440 --> 00:13:10,260 informed last fall at the Cramer 266 00:13:15,260 --> 00:13:12,450 symposium by somebody who does this 267 00:13:17,900 --> 00:13:15,270 stuff that ashtekar view on this is no 268 00:13:21,620 --> 00:13:17,910 longer considered viable which may or 269 00:13:23,720 --> 00:13:21,630 may not be the case but ashtekar singled 270 00:13:28,270 --> 00:13:23,730 out that was a particular interest to me 271 00:13:32,510 --> 00:13:28,280 was several pages later and that is that 272 00:13:35,930 --> 00:13:32,520 1960 Arnold wit deser and Misner ADM as 273 00:13:37,630 --> 00:13:35,940 they're referred to had constructed an 274 00:13:40,430 --> 00:13:37,640 exact 275 00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:40,440 relativistic general relativistic not 276 00:13:45,500 --> 00:13:43,290 special relativistic model of elementary 277 00:13:48,290 --> 00:13:45,510 particles because they found the 278 00:13:51,260 --> 00:13:48,300 solution for cloud spherical cloud of 279 00:13:54,260 --> 00:13:51,270 charged dust okay and it turns out that 280 00:13:57,410 --> 00:13:54,270 you can do this as a schtick or lays it 281 00:14:00,890 --> 00:13:57,420 out here and let me see if I think AHA 282 00:14:04,010 --> 00:14:00,900 wait a second am i pushing the right 283 00:14:07,130 --> 00:14:04,020 thing yes okay this is a result you come 284 00:14:09,080 --> 00:14:07,140 to in general relativity of course you 285 00:14:11,480 --> 00:14:09,090 can't treat the mass and Newtonian 286 00:14:14,810 --> 00:14:11,490 fashion so when you get this equation 287 00:14:16,550 --> 00:14:14,820 here you have to treat that as a an 288 00:14:19,160 --> 00:14:16,560 equation if you're solving for M is 289 00:14:22,070 --> 00:14:19,170 quadratic in M you apply the standard 290 00:14:24,710 --> 00:14:22,080 formula you get this and then as a shtak 291 00:14:27,920 --> 00:14:24,720 are pointed out if you let R go to 0 or 292 00:14:30,320 --> 00:14:27,930 R is actually epsilon in this article 293 00:14:32,900 --> 00:14:30,330 what you find is that some of the terms 294 00:14:35,450 --> 00:14:32,910 go to 0 but you end up with a finite 295 00:14:37,580 --> 00:14:35,460 result ok and you didn't have to 296 00:14:39,530 --> 00:14:37,590 enormous anything you didn't have to 297 00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:39,540 fudge you didn't have to wave your hands 298 00:14:44,150 --> 00:14:41,610 or anything like that you automatically 299 00:14:46,280 --> 00:14:44,160 get a finite result when you include 300 00:14:49,550 --> 00:14:46,290 both electromagnetism and gravity in 301 00:14:52,970 --> 00:14:49,560 this fashion ok the problem of course is 302 00:14:54,110 --> 00:14:52,980 as this is called the ADM mass turns out 303 00:14:56,450 --> 00:14:54,120 to be a square root of the 304 00:14:58,790 --> 00:14:56,460 fine-structure constant smaller than the 305 00:15:01,730 --> 00:14:58,800 Planck mass okay which is 10 to the 306 00:15:04,130 --> 00:15:01,740 minus fifth grams which is obviously not 307 00:15:07,670 --> 00:15:04,140 the mass of any elementary particle with 308 00:15:09,850 --> 00:15:07,680 which we're familiar ok this is an 309 00:15:14,270 --> 00:15:09,860 enlargement at the bottom of that slide 310 00:15:20,180 --> 00:15:14,280 ok it has some positive features but it 311 00:15:23,410 --> 00:15:20,190 has some drawbacks it's too big the 312 00:15:27,170 --> 00:15:23,420 simple bare mass of the ADM electron is 313 00:15:30,110 --> 00:15:27,180 positive and what we know is that the 314 00:15:32,240 --> 00:15:30,120 bale mass should be negative ok or at 315 00:15:35,030 --> 00:15:32,250 least if you take the standard model 316 00:15:37,330 --> 00:15:35,040 seriously it should be negative the 317 00:15:41,420 --> 00:15:37,340 question is what happens if you put in a 318 00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:41,430 negative bear mass in the ADM mono ok 319 00:15:47,270 --> 00:15:43,710 gravitation only Andrews has a local 320 00:15:48,300 --> 00:15:47,280 self energy in the ADM model that is to 321 00:15:50,850 --> 00:15:48,310 say no account 322 00:15:53,940 --> 00:15:50,860 has taken of coupling to the distant 323 00:15:58,350 --> 00:15:53,950 matter in the universe okay now for 324 00:16:01,950 --> 00:15:58,360 reasons other than anything having to do 325 00:16:03,570 --> 00:16:01,960 with this back at the time that I was 326 00:16:05,400 --> 00:16:03,580 fiddling around with us it had already 327 00:16:07,950 --> 00:16:05,410 occurred to me that you needed to take 328 00:16:10,050 --> 00:16:07,960 machs principle seriously if you were 329 00:16:15,060 --> 00:16:10,060 going to get very far in advanced 330 00:16:17,190 --> 00:16:15,070 propulsion okay there is an interesting 331 00:16:19,590 --> 00:16:17,200 thing about the ADM mass however a 332 00:16:22,290 --> 00:16:19,600 difference from the electron mass by 333 00:16:25,890 --> 00:16:22,300 almost exactly the square of the speed 334 00:16:29,070 --> 00:16:25,900 like it's to within ten percent which 335 00:16:31,740 --> 00:16:29,080 tells you something well it may be just 336 00:16:34,190 --> 00:16:31,750 a coincidence and it may be a red 337 00:16:38,160 --> 00:16:34,200 herring but there may be something there 338 00:16:41,130 --> 00:16:38,170 if you take machs principle seriously 339 00:16:43,260 --> 00:16:41,140 what you discover is that the value of 340 00:16:46,530 --> 00:16:43,270 the total scale or gravitational 341 00:16:48,870 --> 00:16:46,540 potential is C squared which suggests 342 00:16:53,280 --> 00:16:48,880 that maybe this has something to do with 343 00:16:56,070 --> 00:16:53,290 the ATM mass okay and that if you take 344 00:16:58,020 --> 00:16:56,080 into consideration machs principle you 345 00:17:01,110 --> 00:16:58,030 might be able to get back a realistic 346 00:17:03,120 --> 00:17:01,120 value for the electron mass okay the 347 00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:03,130 bare mass should be negative as I said 348 00:17:10,230 --> 00:17:06,810 and what does all of this lead to well 349 00:17:12,300 --> 00:17:10,240 if you're interested in finding out the 350 00:17:14,699 --> 00:17:12,310 details I'll be happy to read a pointer 351 00:17:16,730 --> 00:17:14,709 to paper said I've already published or 352 00:17:19,490 --> 00:17:16,740 if you like I'll be happy to send you a 353 00:17:22,230 --> 00:17:19,500 manuscript that's presently in progress 354 00:17:26,699 --> 00:17:22,240 that spells out all of this stuff about 355 00:17:29,280 --> 00:17:26,709 the ADM s what you wind up with when you 356 00:17:31,140 --> 00:17:29,290 take a negative bear mass and you insist 357 00:17:33,510 --> 00:17:31,150 that the equivalence principle be 358 00:17:36,180 --> 00:17:33,520 correct that is to say that when the 359 00:17:38,550 --> 00:17:36,190 gravitational mass of an object is 360 00:17:41,610 --> 00:17:38,560 negative its inertial mass has to be 361 00:17:44,820 --> 00:17:41,620 negative - okay this is by the way a 362 00:17:47,880 --> 00:17:44,830 mistake that is made by actually some 363 00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:47,890 rather surprising folks they when you 364 00:17:53,550 --> 00:17:50,410 drop a negative biomass off when you 365 00:17:55,620 --> 00:17:53,560 drop a negative mass object in the 366 00:17:57,390 --> 00:17:55,630 Earth's gravitational field you will 367 00:17:58,070 --> 00:17:57,400 hear people who want to know better say 368 00:18:00,470 --> 00:17:58,080 that it's for 369 00:18:02,750 --> 00:18:00,480 held and therefore go so the fact of the 370 00:18:04,759 --> 00:18:02,760 matter is that it fells just like normal 371 00:18:08,360 --> 00:18:04,769 mass because while the force is 372 00:18:10,039 --> 00:18:08,370 repulsive the emotional reaction to the 373 00:18:13,009 --> 00:18:10,049 repulsive forces to make the thing 374 00:18:15,019 --> 00:18:13,019 accelerate downward okay if that weren't 375 00:18:17,149 --> 00:18:15,029 so the equivalence principle would be 376 00:18:20,360 --> 00:18:17,159 first general relativity would be wrong 377 00:18:23,000 --> 00:18:20,370 and Libreville and deep trouble okay 378 00:18:25,490 --> 00:18:23,010 because it's a metric nature of general 379 00:18:28,159 --> 00:18:25,500 relativity that allows you to talk 380 00:18:30,289 --> 00:18:28,169 seriously about wormholes and stargates 381 00:18:32,509 --> 00:18:30,299 and stuff like that advanced propulsion 382 00:18:35,990 --> 00:18:32,519 wouldn't be nearly as much fun 383 00:18:39,560 --> 00:18:36,000 if general relativity were wrong okay 384 00:18:40,879 --> 00:18:39,570 let me point out here that let's push 385 00:18:42,830 --> 00:18:40,889 the wrong button sorry 386 00:18:47,120 --> 00:18:42,840 oops that's the wrong direction here we 387 00:18:50,149 --> 00:18:47,130 are okay this is the total gravitational 388 00:18:54,259 --> 00:18:50,159 potential due to the universe as a value 389 00:18:58,009 --> 00:18:54,269 of C squared up to some numerical factor 390 00:18:59,960 --> 00:18:58,019 of order unity this is the potential due 391 00:19:03,049 --> 00:18:59,970 to the cloud of electrically charged 392 00:19:05,149 --> 00:19:03,059 dust it has negative bear mass so this 393 00:19:07,100 --> 00:19:05,159 is a negative potential this is a 394 00:19:09,259 --> 00:19:07,110 positive potential when you add those 395 00:19:12,409 --> 00:19:09,269 things together they're both equal to 396 00:19:15,049 --> 00:19:12,419 about C squared what you end up with is 397 00:19:17,269 --> 00:19:15,059 this thing dominating the denominator 398 00:19:21,860 --> 00:19:17,279 and that gives you back the electron 399 00:19:24,649 --> 00:19:21,870 mass okay up to orders a up two factors 400 00:19:27,379 --> 00:19:24,659 of order unity to within ten percent of 401 00:19:31,490 --> 00:19:27,389 you fudge or lose order unity numbers 402 00:19:36,230 --> 00:19:31,500 right what okay if you could figure out 403 00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:36,240 how to suppress this this will make 404 00:19:41,750 --> 00:19:38,730 longer be cancelled in effect by an 405 00:19:43,669 --> 00:19:41,760 equal and opposite potential and what 406 00:19:46,610 --> 00:19:43,679 you would end up with is this thing 407 00:19:49,940 --> 00:19:46,620 being a hoarder unity and you would end 408 00:19:52,039 --> 00:19:49,950 up with the ADM mass being exposed the 409 00:19:55,779 --> 00:19:52,049 bare hands of the elementary particles 410 00:19:59,029 --> 00:19:55,789 and as you work out the algebra for 411 00:20:02,629 --> 00:19:59,039 arithmetic for this what you discover is 412 00:20:03,680 --> 00:20:02,639 that if you have a sphere 30 meters in 413 00:20:07,010 --> 00:20:03,690 diameter about 414 00:20:08,810 --> 00:20:07,020 metre thick of normal stuff and you 415 00:20:11,240 --> 00:20:08,820 figure out how to suppress this thing 416 00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:11,250 here this thing turns it into a 417 00:20:18,680 --> 00:20:15,810 jupiter-mass of- rest mass matter okay 418 00:20:22,220 --> 00:20:18,690 so when principal if there's anything to 419 00:20:25,460 --> 00:20:22,230 this and i emphasize if there's anything 420 00:20:29,720 --> 00:20:25,470 to this in principle you should be able 421 00:20:33,700 --> 00:20:29,730 to make jupiter masses of negative rest 422 00:20:36,080 --> 00:20:33,710 mass matter to produce wormholes and 423 00:20:41,930 --> 00:20:36,090 both drives and all the rest of that 424 00:20:44,720 --> 00:20:41,940 okay if this is right okay how do you do 425 00:20:52,120 --> 00:20:44,730 it well by making feasts of MU c feasts 426 00:20:56,440 --> 00:20:52,130 of you small or zero okay can it be done 427 00:21:01,090 --> 00:20:56,450 with low energy electromagnetic fields 428 00:21:06,140 --> 00:21:01,100 how that's where Marx principle comes in 429 00:21:08,990 --> 00:21:06,150 okay that by the way is here in smock 430 00:21:12,950 --> 00:21:09,000 and his study I believe it was around 431 00:21:14,870 --> 00:21:12,960 1888 or there abouts in Vienna hey what 432 00:21:20,510 --> 00:21:14,880 does max principle you push on something 433 00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:20,520 it pushes back that well people who used 434 00:21:26,540 --> 00:21:24,210 to argue about this but if you look at 435 00:21:28,670 --> 00:21:26,550 the physics of it you can say the 436 00:21:32,720 --> 00:21:28,680 gravitational action of distant stuff 437 00:21:34,520 --> 00:21:32,730 out there okay now as you've heard there 438 00:21:37,700 --> 00:21:34,530 are many different versions of machs 439 00:21:40,250 --> 00:21:37,710 principle indeed the subtlety of the 440 00:21:43,010 --> 00:21:40,260 distinctions in some cases becomes 441 00:21:45,050 --> 00:21:43,020 almost illusory and all that and people 442 00:21:48,830 --> 00:21:45,060 used to fight about this quite 443 00:21:51,740 --> 00:21:48,840 vehemently at times okay but this guy 444 00:21:54,620 --> 00:21:51,750 here in his doctoral work with Paul 445 00:21:57,770 --> 00:21:54,630 Dirac back in the early 1950s at Stennis 446 00:22:01,460 --> 00:21:57,780 Shyama died about five years ago okay in 447 00:22:03,080 --> 00:22:01,470 a few lines showed in a vector theory of 448 00:22:05,750 --> 00:22:03,090 gravitation which is of course only 449 00:22:08,990 --> 00:22:05,760 approximation to general relativity but 450 00:22:11,270 --> 00:22:09,000 nonetheless at the time Shyama thought 451 00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:11,280 it wasn't general relativity it's turned 452 00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:12,210 out that it 453 00:22:18,980 --> 00:22:15,510 general relativity in disguise okay it 454 00:22:22,580 --> 00:22:18,990 turns out that if you take the gravity 455 00:22:24,850 --> 00:22:22,590 electric field to be the analog of the 456 00:22:28,730 --> 00:22:24,860 electric field in electrodynamics and 457 00:22:30,470 --> 00:22:28,740 then you ask what a is the vector part 458 00:22:33,170 --> 00:22:30,480 of the four potential further 459 00:22:36,560 --> 00:22:33,180 gravitational field it turns out to be 460 00:22:39,890 --> 00:22:36,570 the integral of matter currents over all 461 00:22:42,530 --> 00:22:39,900 space and all that Shyama used a neat 462 00:22:44,810 --> 00:22:42,540 trick here so that you don't get 463 00:22:47,930 --> 00:22:44,820 involved in lengthy tedious calculations 464 00:22:50,270 --> 00:22:47,940 involving lots of algebra okay he said 465 00:22:52,520 --> 00:22:50,280 hey look if you look at an object and 466 00:22:54,680 --> 00:22:52,530 it's being accelerated it looks to that 467 00:22:56,510 --> 00:22:54,690 object as if the universe is rigidly 468 00:22:59,750 --> 00:22:56,520 being accelerated in the opposite 469 00:23:01,910 --> 00:22:59,760 direction okay so you can take V out of 470 00:23:03,290 --> 00:23:01,920 the integral here and I only have to do 471 00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:03,300 is integrate over the matter density 472 00:23:09,290 --> 00:23:06,690 okay when you do the integration over 473 00:23:12,170 --> 00:23:09,300 the matter density to get a what you 474 00:23:15,110 --> 00:23:12,180 find is that you get just the scalar 475 00:23:18,530 --> 00:23:15,120 gravitational potential okay 476 00:23:23,990 --> 00:23:18,540 so the gravity electric field end up 477 00:23:27,950 --> 00:23:24,000 being minus the gradient of fee minus V 478 00:23:30,950 --> 00:23:27,960 over C squared times the time derivative 479 00:23:33,910 --> 00:23:30,960 of the velocity of the object if the 480 00:23:37,100 --> 00:23:33,920 velocity is constant that term is zero 481 00:23:39,290 --> 00:23:37,110 okay if the velocity is not constant 482 00:23:42,790 --> 00:23:39,300 that is to say if it's being accelerated 483 00:23:49,100 --> 00:23:42,800 of course then that term is not zero and 484 00:23:50,900 --> 00:23:49,110 if the term in front of it the factor in 485 00:23:53,300 --> 00:23:50,910 front of it feel over C squared is equal 486 00:23:56,150 --> 00:23:53,310 to one it turns out to be the inertial 487 00:23:59,990 --> 00:23:56,160 reaction force okay it's as simple as 488 00:24:03,980 --> 00:24:00,000 that what this means is that in any 489 00:24:06,370 --> 00:24:03,990 theory of gravity where you have so 490 00:24:09,740 --> 00:24:06,380 called critical cosmic matter density 491 00:24:12,920 --> 00:24:09,750 okay which is characterized by space 492 00:24:15,940 --> 00:24:12,930 being flattened okay fee turns out to 493 00:24:18,680 --> 00:24:15,950 have that property it turns out that 494 00:24:21,620 --> 00:24:18,690 emotional reaction forces in general 495 00:24:24,419 --> 00:24:21,630 relativity are provided by the 496 00:24:27,299 --> 00:24:24,429 gravitational action of distant matter 497 00:24:30,239 --> 00:24:27,309 since the what w map results we know 498 00:24:33,450 --> 00:24:30,249 that space is flat okay it's as simple 499 00:24:35,549 --> 00:24:33,460 as that now of course there scads and 500 00:24:37,619 --> 00:24:35,559 scads of people who don't care or it 501 00:24:40,080 --> 00:24:37,629 don't pay attention and don't know this 502 00:24:41,519 --> 00:24:40,090 okay but this isn't a matter of 503 00:24:44,509 --> 00:24:41,529 something that you can really argue 504 00:24:47,310 --> 00:24:44,519 about anymore where ten years ago it was 505 00:24:49,970 --> 00:24:47,320 okay that's nice but how does this help 506 00:24:53,369 --> 00:24:49,980 with a jupiter mass of exotic matter 507 00:24:58,529 --> 00:24:53,379 okay well we need to ask about local 508 00:25:01,769 --> 00:24:58,539 sources of the field okay 509 00:25:05,820 --> 00:25:01,779 part of getting a part of advancing 510 00:25:08,730 --> 00:25:05,830 middle age yes you become less concerned 511 00:25:10,950 --> 00:25:08,740 about covering your tracks and more 512 00:25:13,470 --> 00:25:10,960 concerned about making sure people get 513 00:25:15,749 --> 00:25:13,480 what you're trying to say and hopefully 514 00:25:17,909 --> 00:25:15,759 that they will have interesting 515 00:25:21,509 --> 00:25:17,919 criticisms because you can learn from 516 00:25:22,859 --> 00:25:21,519 that if you just wave your hands and all 517 00:25:28,460 --> 00:25:22,869 the rest of that and they don't get it 518 00:25:33,149 --> 00:25:31,080 before I got interested mocks prince 519 00:25:34,799 --> 00:25:33,159 will not really but before I got 520 00:25:38,340 --> 00:25:34,809 seriously interested in machs principle 521 00:25:40,950 --> 00:25:38,350 I was interested in theories that 522 00:25:43,440 --> 00:25:40,960 coupled gravity and electromagnetism in 523 00:25:47,220 --> 00:25:43,450 ways other than the naive 524 00:25:49,289 --> 00:25:47,230 Einstein Maxwell equations okay one of 525 00:25:51,060 --> 00:25:49,299 those was a suggestion by Arthur 526 00:25:53,909 --> 00:25:51,070 Schuster back around the turn of the 527 00:25:56,759 --> 00:25:53,919 19th 20th century which had been 528 00:25:59,549 --> 00:25:56,769 followed up by Patrick black at the 1947 529 00:26:02,940 --> 00:25:59,559 Nobel laureate in physics for work on 530 00:26:04,950 --> 00:26:02,950 cosmic rays that rotating neutral mass 531 00:26:07,529 --> 00:26:04,960 of objects might generate magnetic 532 00:26:09,810 --> 00:26:07,539 fields rule magnetic fields not gravity 533 00:26:13,470 --> 00:26:09,820 tow magnetic fields a real magnetic 534 00:26:17,970 --> 00:26:13,480 field a fellow who was then a graduate 535 00:26:20,279 --> 00:26:17,980 student in Ontario Canada named George 536 00:26:22,320 --> 00:26:20,289 Luke who I believe ended up as a 537 00:26:25,200 --> 00:26:22,330 professor of Electrical Engineering at 538 00:26:27,029 --> 00:26:25,210 Princeton for most of his career okay 539 00:26:30,239 --> 00:26:27,039 sat down wrote out a set of coupled 540 00:26:33,180 --> 00:26:30,249 field equations to go with Blackett 541 00:26:35,720 --> 00:26:33,190 hypothesis published in canadian journal 542 00:26:38,990 --> 00:26:35,730 of physics 1953 543 00:26:40,790 --> 00:26:39,000 from his paper okay those are the couple 544 00:26:45,290 --> 00:26:40,800 field equations that give you back the 545 00:26:48,050 --> 00:26:45,300 Schuster pocket effect okay new track 546 00:26:50,540 --> 00:26:48,060 wasn't interested in the details of 547 00:26:53,060 --> 00:26:50,550 general relativity so when he did was he 548 00:26:57,010 --> 00:26:53,070 wrote down his coupled field equations 549 00:26:58,840 --> 00:26:57,020 as the four-dimensional formalism being 550 00:27:00,980 --> 00:26:58,850 electrodynamics maxwellian 551 00:27:03,880 --> 00:27:00,990 electrodynamics and then he used his 552 00:27:06,260 --> 00:27:03,890 fifth dimension to include a 553 00:27:08,380 --> 00:27:06,270 relativistically invariant version of 554 00:27:12,050 --> 00:27:08,390 Newtonian gravity that's these three 555 00:27:17,090 --> 00:27:12,060 equations here okay the one that's of 556 00:27:20,480 --> 00:27:17,100 interest here looks very very much like 557 00:27:25,540 --> 00:27:20,490 this equation up here well similar 558 00:27:28,970 --> 00:27:25,550 anyway oops wrong direction okay okay 559 00:27:32,210 --> 00:27:28,980 the standard equation to stand alone 560 00:27:34,880 --> 00:27:32,220 some very an equation for a propagating 561 00:27:38,180 --> 00:27:34,890 field of course is one where you have 562 00:27:41,120 --> 00:27:38,190 the divergence of the force plus one 563 00:27:43,820 --> 00:27:41,130 over C squared times the time derivative 564 00:27:46,010 --> 00:27:43,830 us the field and so on is equal to the 565 00:27:50,810 --> 00:27:46,020 sources the Dalembert ssin of the field 566 00:27:53,930 --> 00:27:50,820 is equal to its sources okay so if you 567 00:27:56,360 --> 00:27:53,940 look at this term here that turns out to 568 00:27:59,180 --> 00:27:56,370 be the rate at which the field does work 569 00:28:01,190 --> 00:27:59,190 on its sources cute it turns out to be 570 00:28:03,790 --> 00:28:01,200 that and in fact there's a good reason 571 00:28:07,640 --> 00:28:03,800 for that as you can discover by reading 572 00:28:09,490 --> 00:28:07,650 Wolfgang winners outstanding little book 573 00:28:13,220 --> 00:28:09,500 on introduction to special relativity 574 00:28:16,820 --> 00:28:13,230 okay and you will find in section 35 575 00:28:18,470 --> 00:28:16,830 this little discussion here okay for 576 00:28:21,230 --> 00:28:18,480 example if two particles collide 577 00:28:25,850 --> 00:28:21,240 elastically their rest masses during 578 00:28:27,950 --> 00:28:25,860 collision will vary okay that might be 579 00:28:30,500 --> 00:28:27,960 when you're interested in them and then 580 00:28:32,720 --> 00:28:30,510 he develops his formalism unfortunately 581 00:28:34,790 --> 00:28:32,730 it was only laid out this clearly in the 582 00:28:36,260 --> 00:28:34,800 second edition which was after I had 583 00:28:36,920 --> 00:28:36,270 struggled through all of this stuff 584 00:28:39,740 --> 00:28:36,930 myself 585 00:28:43,320 --> 00:28:39,750 okay and wasn't quite sure that it was 586 00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:43,330 right it turns out that it is okay 587 00:28:53,010 --> 00:28:48,610 what three pages of algebra gets you 588 00:28:56,250 --> 00:28:53,020 from that aha that's where the three 589 00:28:57,570 --> 00:28:56,260 pages of algebra okay basically what you 590 00:29:00,030 --> 00:28:57,580 do is you ask yourself the following 591 00:29:03,060 --> 00:29:00,040 question if an inertial reaction force 592 00:29:05,070 --> 00:29:03,070 is indeed being generated by the 593 00:29:08,490 --> 00:29:05,080 gravitational field due to the distant 594 00:29:11,640 --> 00:29:08,500 matter in the universe okay what happens 595 00:29:13,350 --> 00:29:11,650 as you would accelerate the object you 596 00:29:16,740 --> 00:29:13,360 can just simply ask what are the local 597 00:29:20,850 --> 00:29:16,750 sources of the field and if you take F 598 00:29:22,440 --> 00:29:20,860 the for vector F here as being divided 599 00:29:24,720 --> 00:29:22,450 by the mass of the object that's being 600 00:29:26,880 --> 00:29:24,730 accelerated as the field in question 601 00:29:30,090 --> 00:29:26,890 then I can simply sit down and calculate 602 00:29:34,380 --> 00:29:30,100 using this expression for the full force 603 00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:34,390 what that has to be three pages of 604 00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:37,770 algebra get you there 605 00:29:42,780 --> 00:29:40,450 okay the dala motion of the field is 606 00:29:45,150 --> 00:29:42,790 equal to what we normally think of as a 607 00:29:47,010 --> 00:29:45,160 sources plus a bunch of transient terms 608 00:29:49,980 --> 00:29:47,020 and the thing that I want to emphasize 609 00:29:54,120 --> 00:29:49,990 for you here is if there is no hand 610 00:29:56,280 --> 00:29:54,130 waving involved this is really to be 611 00:30:01,340 --> 00:29:56,290 perfectly honest about it undergraduate 612 00:30:05,550 --> 00:30:01,350 level physics this isn't some esoteric 613 00:30:08,790 --> 00:30:05,560 thing like that okay what that ends up 614 00:30:11,310 --> 00:30:08,800 with is the equation that York Dobyns 615 00:30:13,830 --> 00:30:11,320 showed you earlier this morning and then 616 00:30:15,720 --> 00:30:13,840 pointed out that it comes to it makes 617 00:30:18,350 --> 00:30:15,730 some predictions if treated in a fairly 618 00:30:21,030 --> 00:30:18,360 straightforward naive way that are 619 00:30:23,880 --> 00:30:21,040 dubious to say the least 620 00:30:26,130 --> 00:30:23,890 okay but you end up with is this 621 00:30:29,070 --> 00:30:26,140 equation and notice it has two parts 622 00:30:31,830 --> 00:30:29,080 the linear term which is the one that he 623 00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:31,840 was talking about produces enormous 624 00:30:37,530 --> 00:30:35,170 effects you can engineer situations 625 00:30:40,080 --> 00:30:37,540 where you can get really in principle 626 00:30:42,060 --> 00:30:40,090 and practices turns out to be a 627 00:30:44,430 --> 00:30:42,070 different matter but in principle you 628 00:30:47,220 --> 00:30:44,440 can produce very large effects with that 629 00:30:48,580 --> 00:30:47,230 term indeed so large that if you can 630 00:30:50,710 --> 00:30:48,590 figure out how to do it 631 00:30:52,840 --> 00:30:50,720 you can make thrusters that you should 632 00:30:54,399 --> 00:30:52,850 be able to sell to NASA because you're 633 00:30:56,740 --> 00:30:54,409 not blowing any propellant out the 634 00:30:59,080 --> 00:30:56,750 tailpipe you're gravitationally coupling 635 00:31:01,600 --> 00:30:59,090 directly to the rest of the universe and 636 00:31:04,299 --> 00:31:01,610 so on and so forth you have to put 637 00:31:05,980 --> 00:31:04,309 energy and to do this but you don't have 638 00:31:08,730 --> 00:31:05,990 to worry about carrying along a lot of 639 00:31:11,980 --> 00:31:08,740 stuff that goes out the tailpipe okay 640 00:31:14,049 --> 00:31:11,990 but I'm going to emphasize today however 641 00:31:16,750 --> 00:31:14,059 is this term oops 642 00:31:19,690 --> 00:31:16,760 I keep pushing the wrong button this 643 00:31:24,279 --> 00:31:19,700 term here notice that it's smaller by a 644 00:31:28,990 --> 00:31:24,289 factor of C squared then this thing here 645 00:31:32,860 --> 00:31:29,000 the coefficient of the power terms P is 646 00:31:35,769 --> 00:31:32,870 a power IV for a capacitor or something 647 00:31:38,440 --> 00:31:35,779 like that this by the way is not voltage 648 00:31:41,080 --> 00:31:38,450 that's the volume notice that the first 649 00:31:42,669 --> 00:31:41,090 term is independent of the volume of 650 00:31:45,100 --> 00:31:42,679 whatever you're doing but this one turns 651 00:31:47,289 --> 00:31:45,110 out to be a density so you have to get 652 00:31:50,529 --> 00:31:47,299 high densities in order to make this 653 00:31:53,139 --> 00:31:50,539 term large the really interesting thing 654 00:31:55,630 --> 00:31:53,149 about this term is that there's a minus 655 00:31:59,230 --> 00:31:55,640 sign in front of it and everything else 656 00:32:04,029 --> 00:31:59,240 is squared or positive okay that means 657 00:32:06,159 --> 00:32:04,039 that term is always negative okay and as 658 00:32:07,810 --> 00:32:06,169 a result we call it the wormhole Terr me 659 00:32:13,149 --> 00:32:07,820 and my group of virtual 660 00:32:14,830 --> 00:32:13,159 over-the-shoulder lookers okay it turns 661 00:32:17,289 --> 00:32:14,840 out you can do a crude numerical 662 00:32:19,930 --> 00:32:17,299 integration and you discover that with 663 00:32:23,399 --> 00:32:19,940 reasonable assumptions that you can 664 00:32:27,669 --> 00:32:23,409 transiently by cycling the first term 665 00:32:30,250 --> 00:32:27,679 here so that Rho 0 which occurs in the 666 00:32:34,120 --> 00:32:30,260 denominator of these coefficients can be 667 00:32:35,950 --> 00:32:34,130 driven to zero when the coefficient is 0 668 00:32:38,980 --> 00:32:35,960 in the denominator the coefficient 669 00:32:41,320 --> 00:32:38,990 becomes infinite of course formally that 670 00:32:44,049 --> 00:32:41,330 means that this term here normally a 671 00:32:47,049 --> 00:32:44,059 factor of C squared smaller than the 672 00:32:50,529 --> 00:32:47,059 leading term dominates the equation and 673 00:32:52,800 --> 00:32:50,539 in principle you ought to be able if 674 00:32:54,930 --> 00:32:52,810 there's anything to all of this 675 00:32:57,720 --> 00:32:54,940 in principle you ought to be able to 676 00:33:00,150 --> 00:32:57,730 make idiotic amounts of negative rest 677 00:33:03,780 --> 00:33:00,160 mass matter that is Sailor Jupiter 678 00:33:06,540 --> 00:33:03,790 masses in reasonable size structures and 679 00:33:09,210 --> 00:33:06,550 since this is a process which is induced 680 00:33:11,400 --> 00:33:09,220 in situ you won't have to worry about 681 00:33:14,970 --> 00:33:11,410 collecting a bunch of stuff and trying 682 00:33:18,050 --> 00:33:14,980 to compact it down into your 30 meter of 683 00:33:20,400 --> 00:33:18,060 diameter sphere it's already there 684 00:33:23,520 --> 00:33:20,410 because you and me and everything else 685 00:33:26,550 --> 00:33:23,530 in the world has this lurking inside of 686 00:33:30,840 --> 00:33:26,560 our elementary particles the negative 687 00:33:32,580 --> 00:33:30,850 rest mass is already there okay okay now 688 00:33:34,500 --> 00:33:32,590 the question is is there anything to 689 00:33:36,870 --> 00:33:34,510 this at all and the answer to that 690 00:33:39,480 --> 00:33:36,880 question is if it doesn't get supported 691 00:33:41,880 --> 00:33:39,490 by experiments convincing experiments 692 00:33:43,290 --> 00:33:41,890 the answer is nobody's gonna pay any 693 00:33:44,970 --> 00:33:43,300 attention to it then we're not paying 694 00:33:48,450 --> 00:33:44,980 any attention to it anyway but that's 695 00:33:50,460 --> 00:33:48,460 their problem not yours my problem is to 696 00:33:53,970 --> 00:33:50,470 see if there's anything to this well and 697 00:33:56,070 --> 00:33:53,980 indeed following this this is from an 698 00:33:57,930 --> 00:33:56,080 earlier presentation where I was talking 699 00:34:02,630 --> 00:33:57,940 about small steps and all that but I'll 700 00:34:05,820 --> 00:34:02,640 show it to you anyway okay what you do 701 00:34:08,190 --> 00:34:05,830 is you try and induce a fluctuation and 702 00:34:10,169 --> 00:34:08,200 push on the object when you're making 703 00:34:12,149 --> 00:34:10,179 the thing a little bit more massive and 704 00:34:15,810 --> 00:34:12,159 pull back on it when it's a little bit 705 00:34:19,919 --> 00:34:15,820 less massive this is the linear analogue 706 00:34:23,840 --> 00:34:19,929 of york's wheel okay fair enough fair 707 00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:23,850 enough okay 708 00:34:28,950 --> 00:34:26,890 this is number build Rainey's animation 709 00:34:34,139 --> 00:34:28,960 for a presentation that he did that I 710 00:34:36,090 --> 00:34:34,149 got from him okay it's a really much 711 00:34:39,180 --> 00:34:36,100 cleverer than anything I could have come 712 00:34:41,250 --> 00:34:39,190 up with okay is there any other didn't 713 00:34:44,850 --> 00:34:41,260 says well let's suggest that this might 714 00:34:47,190 --> 00:34:44,860 be right okay I'm gonna tell you a 715 00:34:50,010 --> 00:34:47,200 little bit and how am i doing on time do 716 00:34:52,849 --> 00:34:50,020 it well then it's okay 717 00:34:56,359 --> 00:34:52,859 five minutes quickly 718 00:34:59,359 --> 00:34:56,369 okay the experiment that I'm working on 719 00:35:00,829 --> 00:34:59,369 now implements an idea of a former 720 00:35:03,799 --> 00:35:00,839 graduate student of mine which is 721 00:35:07,150 --> 00:35:03,809 basically to take some active material 722 00:35:10,069 --> 00:35:07,160 which are going to drive with a 723 00:35:12,049 --> 00:35:10,079 alternating voltage which will produce a 724 00:35:13,999 --> 00:35:12,059 sort of internal energy fluctuations 725 00:35:17,539 --> 00:35:14,009 that should produce mass fluctuations 726 00:35:19,900 --> 00:35:17,549 one may coincide with an acceleration a 727 00:35:23,089 --> 00:35:19,910 mistake that we made including myself 728 00:35:25,940 --> 00:35:23,099 for a long time was to assume that you 729 00:35:27,829 --> 00:35:25,950 could just simply apply an AC voltage to 730 00:35:30,049 --> 00:35:27,839 a capacitor and you should induce mass 731 00:35:32,809 --> 00:35:30,059 fluctuation if there isn't any bulk 732 00:35:34,940 --> 00:35:32,819 acceleration present there's no mass 733 00:35:37,059 --> 00:35:34,950 fluctuation and the reason why is 734 00:35:39,589 --> 00:35:37,069 because when you construct the equation 735 00:35:41,420 --> 00:35:39,599 to which you get the transient terms 736 00:35:43,609 --> 00:35:41,430 from you assume that your bulk 737 00:35:47,150 --> 00:35:43,619 accelerating the thing that has the 738 00:35:50,359 --> 00:35:47,160 energy change taking place okay the 739 00:35:53,479 --> 00:35:50,369 other ends of these are also piezo 740 00:35:55,699 --> 00:35:53,489 electric actuators in this case their 741 00:35:58,329 --> 00:35:55,709 polarities are set up this way so when 742 00:36:01,099 --> 00:35:58,339 you apply a voltage to them one of them 743 00:36:03,559 --> 00:36:01,109 contracts the other expands it basically 744 00:36:07,339 --> 00:36:03,569 shuttles the material in between back 745 00:36:10,900 --> 00:36:07,349 and forth then all you do is apply there 746 00:36:13,969 --> 00:36:10,910 is one of these devices sitting between 747 00:36:15,979 --> 00:36:13,979 clamping blocks here aluminum clamping 748 00:36:18,170 --> 00:36:15,989 blocks on the end of a very very 749 00:36:21,019 --> 00:36:18,180 sensitive torsion balance which I'll get 750 00:36:24,109 --> 00:36:21,029 to in a moment what you do is you apply 751 00:36:26,859 --> 00:36:24,119 a voltage to the capacitative material 752 00:36:30,410 --> 00:36:26,869 in between and you apply another voltage 753 00:36:33,559 --> 00:36:30,420 which has two components run at the 754 00:36:35,809 --> 00:36:33,569 frequency of the applied voltage to the 755 00:36:39,199 --> 00:36:35,819 so-called capacitor up here what I'm 756 00:36:41,479 --> 00:36:39,209 calling a capacitor to accelerate it to 757 00:36:45,019 --> 00:36:41,489 produce your so-called bulk acceleration 758 00:36:47,569 --> 00:36:45,029 and a second double frequency signal 759 00:36:49,819 --> 00:36:47,579 because the mass fluctuation and 760 00:36:51,559 --> 00:36:49,829 allegedly occurs at the power frequency 761 00:36:53,749 --> 00:36:51,569 of what you're doing and that of course 762 00:36:55,640 --> 00:36:53,759 is the product of a couple of sine and a 763 00:36:57,829 --> 00:36:55,650 cosine or whatever that gives you a 764 00:37:00,170 --> 00:36:57,839 double frequency signal and then you 765 00:37:01,930 --> 00:37:00,180 have to provide for phase shifting and 766 00:37:04,480 --> 00:37:01,940 locking and stuff like that 767 00:37:06,550 --> 00:37:04,490 okay bunch of technical details this is 768 00:37:11,079 --> 00:37:06,560 more or less what the device looks like 769 00:37:14,170 --> 00:37:11,089 okay the reason why this these are see 770 00:37:17,800 --> 00:37:14,180 flex flexural bearings supporting these 771 00:37:19,750 --> 00:37:17,810 torsion balance so on that was because 772 00:37:23,050 --> 00:37:19,760 of nimble bulge Ernie's use of Martin 773 00:37:25,930 --> 00:37:23,060 Tamar's truss balance which looks like 774 00:37:28,480 --> 00:37:25,940 this okay similar to this at any rate 775 00:37:31,510 --> 00:37:28,490 okay there's a counterweight over here 776 00:37:34,270 --> 00:37:31,520 to counterweight the device there are 777 00:37:36,490 --> 00:37:34,280 some calibration coils here so that you 778 00:37:38,349 --> 00:37:36,500 can calibrate the system the really 779 00:37:41,589 --> 00:37:38,359 important part of this device is right 780 00:37:43,660 --> 00:37:41,599 here coaxial with the flexural bearings 781 00:37:45,579 --> 00:37:43,670 here you have a set of Galan stand 782 00:37:48,190 --> 00:37:45,589 contacts because you're putting a fair 783 00:37:50,500 --> 00:37:48,200 amount of power on the order of ten or 784 00:37:52,630 --> 00:37:50,510 fifteen or twenty watts through these 785 00:37:55,300 --> 00:37:52,640 contacts and if you're trying to measure 786 00:37:58,359 --> 00:37:55,310 things on the order of ten to a hundred 787 00:38:00,640 --> 00:37:58,369 nano Newton's you've got to be extremely 788 00:38:02,470 --> 00:38:00,650 careful about stuff like this because 789 00:38:05,650 --> 00:38:02,480 it's real easy to mask what you're 790 00:38:07,480 --> 00:38:05,660 looking for with spurious stuff okay 791 00:38:11,710 --> 00:38:07,490 this is a close-up of the gallant stand 792 00:38:14,589 --> 00:38:11,720 contacts this is I especially like yes 793 00:38:18,490 --> 00:38:14,599 one minute this picture of it okay real 794 00:38:19,839 --> 00:38:18,500 quickly results from January the way in 795 00:38:21,910 --> 00:38:19,849 which you do this is you turn the whole 796 00:38:23,920 --> 00:38:21,920 thing one that's what happens you just 797 00:38:26,800 --> 00:38:23,930 wait a second pushing the wrong button 798 00:38:29,020 --> 00:38:26,810 that's what happens here that offset is 799 00:38:31,240 --> 00:38:29,030 just an electrical offset basically what 800 00:38:33,430 --> 00:38:31,250 you do when you turn on the power is you 801 00:38:35,680 --> 00:38:33,440 shift the ground level in the system 802 00:38:39,400 --> 00:38:35,690 because of ground return currents and 803 00:38:41,319 --> 00:38:39,410 all what okay the red trace here is an 804 00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:41,329 accelerometer in the middle of the stack 805 00:38:45,819 --> 00:38:43,010 which tells you what's going on in the 806 00:38:48,160 --> 00:38:45,829 stack the blue trace is the position 807 00:38:49,540 --> 00:38:48,170 sensor an optical position sensor so 808 00:38:51,790 --> 00:38:49,550 that it doesn't get the electromagnetic 809 00:38:53,800 --> 00:38:51,800 pick up and so forth and as you can see 810 00:38:56,849 --> 00:38:53,810 when you turn it on the thing does this 811 00:39:00,280 --> 00:38:56,859 when you flip a switch and reverse 812 00:39:03,609 --> 00:39:00,290 invert the phase of the actuator signal 813 00:39:06,700 --> 00:39:03,619 what happens is the thrust changes and 814 00:39:08,740 --> 00:39:06,710 that should not happen if there is no 815 00:39:10,840 --> 00:39:08,750 effect present okay 816 00:39:12,040 --> 00:39:10,850 and then when you turn flip it back it 817 00:39:15,070 --> 00:39:12,050 goes back and so on 818 00:39:17,800 --> 00:39:15,080 okay and for a while late in January and 819 00:39:20,910 --> 00:39:17,810 early in February opps time to shut up 820 00:39:24,280 --> 00:39:20,920 huh take two seconds okay 821 00:39:26,140 --> 00:39:24,290 quickly as possible these are the sort 822 00:39:28,510 --> 00:39:26,150 of traces you're getting what I'm 823 00:39:30,910 --> 00:39:28,520 showing you is reality what happens in 824 00:39:33,220 --> 00:39:30,920 reality as you can see things are 825 00:39:35,500 --> 00:39:33,230 beginning to gray do a little bit the 826 00:39:37,420 --> 00:39:35,510 height of this thing here isn't the same 827 00:39:39,640 --> 00:39:37,430 as the height of this thing here which 828 00:39:41,830 --> 00:39:39,650 means that you have thermal evolution in 829 00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:41,840 this region here where the thing is one 830 00:39:48,640 --> 00:39:46,010 there's major thermal evolution okay and 831 00:39:50,410 --> 00:39:48,650 this is catastrophic thermal evolution 832 00:39:53,170 --> 00:39:50,420 and after this happened the device never 833 00:39:54,880 --> 00:39:53,180 worked that way again okay which is not 834 00:39:56,650 --> 00:39:54,890 good news from the point of view of 835 00:39:58,960 --> 00:39:56,660 continuing to fiddle around with it but 836 00:40:01,510 --> 00:39:58,970 it is good news from one point of view 837 00:40:03,280 --> 00:40:01,520 it tells you immediately that a whole 838 00:40:05,710 --> 00:40:03,290 bunch of spurious things that you might 839 00:40:08,260 --> 00:40:05,720 have to investigate or not the cause of 840 00:40:09,850 --> 00:40:08,270 the signal you're looking at okay after 841 00:40:10,480 --> 00:40:09,860 a few months of fooling around with no 842 00:40:12,550 --> 00:40:10,490 device 843 00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:12,560 there it is wired there it is on the end 844 00:40:18,610 --> 00:40:14,210 of the balance there's some neat stuff 845 00:40:20,350 --> 00:40:18,620 more stuff and that's the trace that was 846 00:40:22,090 --> 00:40:20,360 to be the beginning of a series of 847 00:40:24,220 --> 00:40:22,100 traces that I would have told you about 848 00:40:28,030 --> 00:40:24,230 in great detail here today instead of 849 00:40:32,350 --> 00:40:28,040 wormholes and negative mass matter the 850 00:40:34,720 --> 00:40:32,360 power amplifier died right there that's 851 00:40:38,560 --> 00:40:34,730 a transient of the power amplifier dying 852 00:40:43,690 --> 00:40:38,570 at which word I decided these are signal 853 00:40:47,230 --> 00:40:43,700 generators okay okay and now I there is 854 00:40:50,550 --> 00:40:47,240 no time for questions I assume yes there 855 00:40:53,860 --> 00:40:50,560 is there are a few minutes for questions 856 00:40:56,830 --> 00:40:53,870 okay and I will recuse myself from 857 00:40:59,200 --> 00:40:56,840 asking anything because dr. Woodward and 858 00:41:00,700 --> 00:40:59,210 I have had a sort of indirect 859 00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:00,710 correspondence on a number of these 860 00:41:11,140 --> 00:41:02,810 topics 861 00:41:13,210 --> 00:41:11,150 for hours yes if a nursery is viewed as 862 00:41:14,470 --> 00:41:13,220 a reaction from the rest of the universe 863 00:41:16,030 --> 00:41:14,480 then how does that happen 864 00:41:19,120 --> 00:41:16,040 instantaneously for any kind of 865 00:41:20,410 --> 00:41:19,130 acceleration that's why John Kramer and 866 00:41:22,780 --> 00:41:20,420 I are really good friends 867 00:41:25,060 --> 00:41:22,790 it's a radiation reaction interaction 868 00:41:27,340 --> 00:41:25,070 presumably which involves a wheeler 869 00:41:29,770 --> 00:41:27,350 Fineman advance for target interaction 870 00:41:32,710 --> 00:41:29,780 yes that is the obvious question to ask 871 00:41:35,290 --> 00:41:32,720 if you say that one way of answering it 872 00:41:37,180 --> 00:41:35,300 which there is another way of getting it 873 00:41:40,570 --> 00:41:37,190 instantaneously and I should tell you to 874 00:41:43,300 --> 00:41:40,580 be full disclosure nets to use the 875 00:41:45,220 --> 00:41:43,310 constraint equations which are elliptic